5. Characteristics of low-speed collisions (3) −Highly dangerous cases−
  The state or actions of the pedestrian and the vehicle immediately before the accident are shown by percentage in Figs. 24, 25 and 26 for the speed ranges up to 10 km/h, 11−20 km/h and the medium/high speed range, respectively. More dangerous combinations of state or actions that result in fatal accidents for each speed range are summarized as follows:

[Up to 10 km/h]
(1) [P] Crossing road vs. [V] Right turn
(2) [P] Crossing road vs. [V] Starting
(3) [P] Others vs. [V] Backing up
(4) [P] Others vs. [V] Starting
(5) [P] Crossing road vs. [V] Left turn

[11−20 km/h]
(6) [P] Crossing road vs. [V] Right turn

[Medium/high]
(7) [P] Crossing road vs. [V] Going straight

"Others" for pedestrians mean any state or actions except walking in the same direction, walking in the opposite direction, crossing the road, playing on the road, working on the road and stopping on the road, such as lying on the road or crossing in front of or behind a vehicle that was entering or exiting the road.

Let's look at the characteristics of fatal accidents in the low speed range in Cases (1) to (6) above. For each case, the percentage of the number of fatal collisions is classified according to the vehicle type and the pedestrian age group in Figs. 27 through 32 and according to the main injured part of the pedestrian and the object that injured the pedestrian in Figs. 33 through 38. Firstly, in Case (1), the collision most frequently seen is between a standard-sized box-shaped vehicle and an elderly pedestrian hitting his/her head/face on the road, followed by the same setting except with the pedestrian hitting his/her head/face on the vehicle body. The same is true for Case (6). In Case (2), the most typical accident is a collision between a large-sized vehicle and an elderly pedestrian who was subsequently run over.
Case (3) mainly comprises a collision between a standard-sized vehicle (with and without a bonnet) and an elderly pedestrian hitting his/her torso or head/face on the vehicle body or being run over. Similarly, in most instances of Case (4), a standard-sized vehicle (with and without a bonnet) ran over the torso or the head/face of a small child or an elderly pedestrian. Case (5) is characterized by accidents in which large- and standard-sized vehicles struck
middle-aged and elderly people and ran over their head/face or torso.

Fig. 24: Number of fatal accidents, by pedestrian and vehicle actions (at 10 km/h or lower) *

Fig. 25: Number of fatal accidents, by pedestrian and vehicle actions (at 11−20 km/h) *

Fig. 26: Number of fatal accidents, by pedestrian and vehicle actions (at 31−60 km/h) *

Fig. 27: Number of fatal accidents, by vehicle type and pedestrian age group: Case (1) *

Fig. 28: Number of fatal accidents, by vehicle type and pedestrian age group: Case (2) *

Fig. 29: Number of fatal accidents, by vehicle type and pedestrian age group: Case (3) *

Fig. 30: Number of fatal accidents, by vehicle type and pedestrian age group: Case (4) *

Fig. 31: Number of fatal accidents, by vehicle type and pedestrian age group: Case (5) *

Fig. 32: Number of fatal accidents, by vehicle type and pedestrian age group: Case (6) *

Fig. 33: Number of fatal accidents, by injured part and object causing injury: Case (1) *

Fig. 34: Number of fatal accidents, by injured part and object causing injury: Case (2) *

Fig. 35: Number of fatal accidents, by injured part and object causing injury: Case (3) *

Fig. 36: Number of fatal accidents, by injured part and object causing injury: Case (4) *

Fig. 37: Number of fatal accidents, by injured part and object causing injury: Case (5) *

Fig. 38: Number of fatal accidents, by injured part and object causing injury: Case (6) *

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Institute for Traffic Accident Research and Data Analysis (ITARDA)